Which is NOT an immediate cause of swallowing difficulty in patients undergoing radiation treatment for head and neck cancer?

Which is NOT an immediate cause of swallowing difficulty in patients undergoing radiation treatment for head and neck cancer?

• A. Mucositis
• B. Taste changes
• C. Fibrosis
• D. Dry mouth

Answer: (C)

During head and neck radiotherapy, the immediate swallowing difficulties come from acute mucosal injury, dryness, and sensory changes. Mucositis causes painful ulcers and edema in the throat, making swallowing uncomfortable and harder. Dry mouth results from salivary gland damage, leaving less lubrication for the bolus and increasing effort and risk during swallowing. Taste changes occur as radiation affects taste buds and the oral environment, which can alter swallowing by changing sensory input and appetite. Fibrosis, however, is a late effect that develops over months as scar tissue forms and tissues become stiff. It contributes to long-term swallowing problems but is not an immediate cause during the radiation period.

During head and neck radiotherapy, the immediate swallowing difficulties come from acute mucosal injury, dryness, and sensory changes. Mucositis causes painful ulcers and edema in the throat, making swallowing uncomfortable and harder. Dry mouth results from salivary gland damage, leaving less lubrication for the bolus and increasing effort and risk during swallowing. Taste changes occur as radiation affects taste buds and the oral environment, which can alter swallowing by changing sensory input and appetite. Fibrosis, however, is a late effect that develops over months as scar tissue forms and tissues become stiff. It contributes to long-term swallowing problems but is not an immediate cause during the radiation period.